You'll also receive an email with the link. Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. On 14 June 1940, the day Paris fell, the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in "Operation Tiger" and attacked the Maginot Line between St Avold and Saarbrcken. The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! Petrol-engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow-gauge lines. Don't worry none.". Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. Her neighbors are Miss Marie, who goes by the name "the Maginot Line"; China; and Poland. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. | The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. The line included the following retractable turrets. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. SparkNotes PLUS The Maginot Line laughs and throws her root-beer bottle at them. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. 20 to 30 men manned them. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. Rosemary Villanucci In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. Having light eyes marks a character as different. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. This reassured allied civilians. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. "They cashed in their chips. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. World War I absolutely devastated France. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. Please wait while we process your payment. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. [35] The idea was shelved. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. It took nine years, from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. He feels that is right for a black girl like Pecola to long to "see the world with blue eyes," but a thoughtful reader will note that eye color does not have an effect on vision. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. Stewart, Amber ed. 11. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. $24.99 For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. Origin of Marie. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. You go around it. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. They associate being "ruined" with the prostitutes, as they sense it has something to do with distasteful sexual interactions like the one Frieda experienced, and assume because Miss Marie is fat, she must be ruined. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. the air battle, which lasted the into the fall of 1940. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. More books than SparkNotes. Patreon: https://www.patr. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. The officers' corps by no means acknowl-edged defeat. In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. The Maginot Line allowed France to defend its border with Germany with second-rate fortress troops. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. (A similar system was developed with armoured steam engines in 19141918.). The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. You can view our. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. The events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly's hatred is not directed at the white hunters, but at Darlene. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. 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why is miss marie called the maginot line