Gayatri Chakravorty Spivaks essay Can the Subaltern Speak? is Ranajit Guha The SSG arose in the 1980s, influenced by the scholarship of Eric Stokes and Ranajit Guha, to attempt to formulate a new narrative of the history of India and South Asia. Spivak. Colonizers liked to tell a certain story. How could we find a way for the subaltern to speak that would also undermine the power of the oppressor? Said gained fame in 1978, with the publication of his book, Orientalism. It makes me think about the current events happening in Afghanistan with the Taliban take over and how they are marginalizing the women. Nonetheless, the feminist scholar Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak cautioned against an over-broad application of the . Ranajit Guha Within subaltern studies, a term first used by Ranajit Guha, the word subaltern stands as a name for the general attribute of subordination in South Asian society whether this is expressed in terms of class, caste, age, gender and office or in any other way (Preface 35). Munslow Ong, Jade. When the British came to India they outlawed this practice. View Can the subaltern speak.docx from MGT 6016 at KCA University. It is inspiring to see how brave and outspoken she is since she discussed colonial oppression as an Indian woman. She goes into Sati- discussing the race and power dynamics involved in it being banned. G C. (1988). Im sure a lot of positive change could be made in the world by listening and acting on the advice/experience of groups that do not have their voices heard by elite government officials. Spivaks landmark contribution to this debate was the concept of strategic essentialism. This post provides great background information about Spivak. The word hegemony, the dominance of one group over another, was something unfamiliar to me until now. My Profile. Spivaks sentence-White men are saving brown women from brown men-serves to justify colonial interventions if white men are taken as saviors and brown men are scapegoated as oppressors (of brown women). may be Spivaks best-known essay; it is certainly her most controversial. Well occasionally send you promo and account related email. I think that it is very important to tithing critically about hone we are speaking OVER others instead of speaking FOR others, and whether we should even speak for others, and, rather, amplify the voices of the marginalized. She is a scholar, and she is acutely aware of the difficulties of presuming to speak for the subalterns that she writes about. : Speculations on Widow Sacrifice; reprinted in 1988 as Can the Subaltern Speak? This post does an excellent job of providing context for this reading, and I am intrigued to read this tomorrow. transformed the analysis of colonialism through an eloquent and uncompromising argument that affirmed the contemporary relevance of Marxism while using deconstructionist methods to explore the international division of labor and capitalisms . She is also known as a critic who has feminized and deconstructed notions of deconstruction. It is a matter of how to treat them and Spivak takes a stand against a specifically intellectual form of oppression and marginalization. The content of this site is published by the site owner(s) and is not a statement of advice, opinion, or information pertaining to The Ohio State University. Spivak's notion is that "there is no unrepresentable subaltern subject that can know and speak itself" (27). collection, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture; and Your post did a great job explaining what her reasons for challenging the structure of western academia. I found myself wanting to read the reading again after your post! Its a big topic between different kinds of people now. To replace this leftist fantasy of an untouched or essential purity lodged in a particular group, Spivak reminds us (citing Ranajit Guha, a founding member of the Subaltern Studies Group) that a persons or groups identity is relational, a function of its place in a system of differences. : Can the Subaltern Speak ? The countries are colonized and women are somehow on the same page because they are the weak group, which means that they have no voice in society and are not able to affect the policy debates. For example, feminists must publicize the feminization of poverty-the ways in which employment practices and wages, divorce law and settlements, and social policies ensure that in many societies women make up the majority of poor adults. I am excited to read more on this idea and to read her literature for the week. Instead the subject is decentered, in that its consciousness is always being constructed from positions outside of itself. Furthermore, once they can speak they are not subalterns any more (Spivak Post-Colonial Critic 158). In the text "can the subaltern speak" she tries to overthrow the binary opposition between subject and object, self and other, Occident and Orient, center and marginal and the majority and minority. : Speculations on Widow Sacrifice"; reprinted in 1988 . . Your post was very informative and gave good insights into her life. Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. My whole point in "Can the Subaltern Speak?" is that you can't simply makethe subaltern visible or lend her a voice. Subalterns, in the Indian context are defined as those who did not comprise the colonial elite- such as the lesser rural gentry, impoverished lamdlords, rich peasants and upper middle class peasants. It provides a logocentric assumption of cultural unity among Heterogenous people.3. What is epistemic violence? Subaltern as a concept is related to issues of domination and power, democracy and citizenship, resistance and transformation. She goes into Sati- discussing the race and power dynamics involved in it being banned. This post provided such a detailed layout of Spivaks style! I believe that if the poor were given better educational opportunities it would allow them to expand their knowledge and achieve numerous accomplishments. She uses deconstruction to examine how truth is constructed and to deploy the assertions of one intellectual and political position (such as Marxism) to interrupt or bring into crisis another (feminism, for example). Freedom of speech is important and its more important to make sure everyone has access to it. She tells the story of Bhubaneswari Bhaduris suicide not as an example of the Indian womans inability to speak within Western discourse, but to show that Indian discourse has been so battered by the storms of (colonial) history that it, too, offers no resources for successful communication, Bhubaneswaris suicide is misunderstood by everyone, including her own family-and no one in India seems interested in Spivaks return to and reinterpretation of the event. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. Nevertheless, this aporia does not abstain intellectuals' responsibility from representation. Don't use plagiarized sources. In addition they also assume that the writing of intellectuals such as themselves can serve as a transparent medium through which the voices of the oppressed can be represented. Spivak does Either way, thank you!! Postcolonial writers have this thing they like to do. It is a matter of how to treat them and Spivak takes a stand against a specifically intellectual form of oppression and marginalization. This has been a common theme in our previous readings this semester. Neither text, nor links to other websites, is reviewed or endorsed by The Ohio State University. She uses the British ban on Sati (burning widows alive with their dead husbands) as her example. Great content right here. which the English magistrate talks the crowd out of the sacrifice of a widow. This post offers a very valuable insight to Spivaks background that allowed her to reach the intellectual understanding about the role of subalterns and the way that they affect the role of the marginalized others of society. They considered her suicide as an outcome of a failed love affair rather than a protest. I think it is important to bravely point out that unequal phenomena in society. pivak achieved a certain degree of misplaced notoriety for her 1985 article Can the Subaltern Speak? In prison, he wrote notebooks on politics and history and philosophy. MORRIS, ROSALIND C., editor. A critical analysis of Spivaks classic 1988 postcolonial studies essay, in which she argues that a core problem for the poorest and most marginalized in society (the subalterns) is that they have no platform to express their concerns and no voice to affect policy debates or demand a fairer share of societys goods. It expresses the interest of its producer. It can instead be inferred that brown women have the freedom to choose theirown fate; that, contrary to Spivak's argument, the subaltern can indeed speak. The widowed wife burns herself on her husbands funeral pyre. These divisions do not allow them to stand up in unity. What we know or hear about Sati is information/knowledge or events from Hindu and the British, but the voice of the actual sati-performing women is unheard- hence the title Can The Subaltern Speak? When I read this I thought to myself, well no because they practiced self-immolation. Although Spivak acknowledges the epistemic violence done to Indian subalterns, she suggests that any attempt from the outside to ameliorate subalterns condition by granting them collective speech will invariably encounter the following problems: a) A logocentric assumption of cultural solidarity among a heterogenous people b) A dependence on western intellectuals to speak for the subaltern condition rather than allowing subalterns to speak for themselves. =)=pJV!3c"HM4i,RXb&sFTF%gFY44nipJn/.a]570A' The term was carried over from the military to connote the "natives" who were designated . Thank you for providing the information about Spivak and her ideas about females rights and uequal rights. The Subaltern is a term given by Antonio Gramsci to refer to those groups in society who are under the hegemony of the ruling elite class. ab&i r58H(gQ/8;H3qK103 lS The subalterns become dependent on the Western intellectuals to speak for their condition rather than allowing them to speak for themselves.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'englishsummary_com-box-4','ezslot_4',656,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-box-4-0'); In the end, Spivak brings to light the suicide of an ordinary woman to explain how outside effects the subaltern. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivaks original essay Can the Subaltern Speak? 817.082]>>endobj 8 0 obj <>/Contents[27 0 R Since its publication, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" has been cited, invoked, imitated, and critiqued. Up ;L0Zka6qOLuD~lokBSM~z?!x0JiU3 |M{rXCy~bY.M[?EKy (|h)z-5^-S0W#=&qfhUdG~bfW|kdh-P 4YtAz[IiWu2wmD{)1 vIfJ'!DWx%B[k,G|7()tC#F5XqsWMpg?|g/j-i8cb/I ]2Xkv2j+[=fV1 ndE[dY_ But Spivak worries that even the most benevolent effort merely repeats the very silencing it aims to combat. It follows then that the individual is not a transparent representation of the self but an effect of discourse. It was an exciting occasion, held in the evening. Also, this makes me very eager to learn more about comparative literature knowing that there are many great works that are underreported. Subaltern according to Spivak is those who belong to third world countries. Your email address will not be published. <>stream Spivaks background gives a clear connection to the beliefs and opinions she expresses in her work. . After all, colonialists often thought of themselves as well-intentioned. The basic claim and opening statement of Can the Subaltern Speak? It paves way for colonialism.2. Of course, no discourse succeeds in obliterating all alternative discourses. Also, the sentance White men are saving the brown women from brown men is really interesting, not just between colonizers and the natives, but also happened in todays society. ;~8DDh$J)hf6GhEl. This practice was common among the Hindu minorities in India. As poststructuralism would have it, human consciousness is constructed discursively. Neither Freud nor Spivak is silent. , Summary of Spivak's Essay Can the Subaltern Speak. I agree that without representation oppressed groups have no voice. in Cary Nelson and Larry Grossbergs edited collection, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture; and revised by Spivak as part of her History chapter . They each make various determinate claims and. Your post was very informative about something I had no prior knowledge of. What is Subaltern? . Foucault realized that cultures could be arranged completely differently than the West . Knowledge is never innocent. In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Edward Wadie Said 1 November 1935 Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine, 24 September 2003 (aged 67) New York City, United States. Antonio Gramsci coined the term subaltern to identify the cultural hegemony that excludes and displaces specific people and social groups from the socio-economic institutions of society, in order to deny their agency and voices in colonial politics. (C. Nelson and L. Grossberg, Eds.) Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Give us your email address and well send this sample there. Subalternity is a position without identity, a position where social lines of mobility, being elsewhere, do not permit the formation of a recognizable basis of action. She is often regarded as one of the most important postcolonial intellectuals of the 20th century by her best-known influential essay is Can the Subaltern speak?, and she has also translated various works by Mahasweta Devi. The concept originally is used from a strong political perspective against subordination, to understand the mechanisms of subordination better, . What is the pressure of nitrous oxide cylinder? translation of subaltern. Postcolonial critics, like many feminists, want to give silenced others a voice. I specifically enjoyed learning how she was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy. The background about Spivak surely provided useful information especially concerning the readings, particularly Racatitif. : Speculations on Widow Sacrifice"; reprinted in 1988 as "Can the Subaltern Speak?" in Cary Nelson and Larry Grossberg's edited collection, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture; and revised by Spivak as part of her "History" chapter. Required fields are marked *. I honestly wasnt sure what hegemonic structure meant before reading your post, but now I am excited to read from her perspective. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Can the Subaltern Speak? Spivak, Gayatri. The Literary Encyclopedia is a living community of scholars. The subaltern is not similarly privileged. Spivak thinks that Freud (as both a positive and a negative example, since he himself didnt always avoid scapegoating) can aid us to keep the sentence open, to explore the dynamics of the unfolding human relationships without foreclosing narratives by assigning determinate roles. What is the pressure of nitrous oxide cylinder? Subaltern studies analyzes the "binary relationship" of the subaltern and ruling classes, and thus studies the interplay of dominance and subordination in colonial systems, most notably India, though the methods of the movement have since been applied to other nations, spaces, and historical moments. . Epistemic violence is a failure of an audience to communicatively. We welcome comments which will help us Speculations on Widow Sacrifice; reprinted in 1988 as Can the Western speculations on the ideological reproduction of social relations belong to that mainstream, and it is within this tradition that Althusser writes : JThe-repmduction of labour power requires not only a reproduction of its skills, but also at the same time, a reproduction of- its submission foTfie futing ideology for the workers,, and a- Khatun in A Site of Subaltern Articulation: The Ecstatic Female Body in the Contemporary Bangladeshi Novels of Taslima Nasrin talks about Taslima Nasrin, a feminist writer, and how she is against Bangladeshi women being mistreated. Essentialism Essentialism names the belief that certain people or entities share some essential, unchanging nature that secures their membership in a category. "Can the Subaltern Speak" to My Students? The issues agitating women belonging to different cultures are different. By the "Can the Subaltern Speak?", Spivak established herself as a feminist who focuses on women's history, geography, and class. . The term "subaltern" comes out of the empire itself, for it is a British term for a military designation. Learning about her background helps me understand where she came up with these ideas about the subaltern. Can the subaltern speak? The Italian Marxist theorist ANTONIO GRAMSCI later applied the term to the unorganized masses that must be politicized for the workers revolution to succeed. I look forward to learning more about Spivak. Her predominant ethico-political concern has been for the space occupied by the subaltern, especially subaltern women, both in discursive practices and in institutions of Western cultures. What does Enterococcus faecalis look like? If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow. It was very interesting to read about Spivaks great devotion towards speaking against intellectual colonialism. . Their voice is lost with their sacrifice. Post-colonial theory was founded by Columbia University professor of comparative literature, Edward Said. . We often discuss the right to free speech, but the right to be heard is equally as important in terms of having an impact on the international community. If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern as female is even more deeply in shadow. Coined by Gramsci, 'subaltern' in his usage refers to "any 'low rank' person or group of people in a particular society suffering under hegemonic domination of a ruling elite class that denies them the basic rights of participation in the making of local history and culture as active individuals . Get your custom essay on, Summary of Spivaks Essay Can the Subaltern Speak , Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper, "You must agree to out terms of services and privacy policy". Required fields are marked *. . In the 1980s the Subaltern Studies Group (a collective of radical historians in India with whom Spivak maintains ties) appropriated the term, focusing their attention on the disenfranchised peoples of India. Your email address will not be published. I enjoyed reading more about Spivaks background and her ideas about marginalization. The essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988) by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak relates to the manner in which western cultures investigate other cultures. She wants to give voice to the subalterns who can not speak or who are silent. In some cases they will be expanded into longer entries as the Literary Encyclopedia evolves. Can the Subaltern Speak? One response was difference feminism, which stressed alliances among women across their differences and hoped to replace a solidarity based on shared essential qualities and experiences. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Historical context notes are intended to give basic and preliminary information on a topic. . The autonomy of Subaltern consciousness is opposed to elite nationalism. A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason. The answer is no, the subaltern cannot speak. Your email address will not be published. studies, by one of its most famous figures. It seeks to present an alternate image of society through the viewpoint of the masses usually unrepresented. Hindu culture was driven underground, written out of law, denied any legitimacy. This is why Spivak asks: Can the subaltern speak? I also enjoyed reading about her challenging western intellectualism, which I believe is an essential thing to do. Spivak argues that surprisingly for these figures, when Foucault and Deleuze talks about oppressed groups such as the working classes they fall back into precisely these uncritical notions of sovereign subjects by restoring to them a fully centred consciousness. Graham K. Riach. Spivak uses deconstruction to examine how true it is constructed. The basic claim and opening statement of Can the Subaltern Speak? Your post gave a lot of background about Spivak and how her story came to be. ( ) The Armenian translation of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's "Can the Subaltern Speak? (2020, Jun 01). By the Can the Subaltern Speak?, Spivak established herself as a feminist who focuses on womens history, geography, and class. I also like how you touched on the fact that we all the freedom of speech but that doesnt necessarily mean we all are heard equally. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a professor of literature and feminist critic at Columbia University. Can the Subaltern Speak? Following the early controversy that emerged in response to the publication of Can the Subaltern Speak? Ashamed to say, I have never read anything about Spivak before. Essentialism is bad, not in its essence which would be a tautology but only in its application. And does not speak in a vocabulary that will get a hearing in institutional locations of power. Spivak through her historical and political analysis describes Western capitalism and colonialism as triumphant. The answer is no, the subaltern cannot speak. Based on this assumption of inferior position, women are called the subalterns. She focuses on speculations made on widow sacrifice. Related to issues of domination and power dynamics involved in it being banned of through... Females rights and uequal rights interesting to read about Spivaks background and ideas... Also known as a feminist who focuses on womens history, geography, and website in this browser the! A specifically intellectual form of oppression and marginalization contribution to this debate was the concept originally is from... Speculations on Widow Sacrifice & quot ; Can the Subaltern Speak?, established. Give voice to the publication of Can the Subaltern speak.docx from MGT 6016 at University... Poor were given better educational opportunities it would allow them to expand their knowledge and achieve numerous accomplishments her. Various topics treat them and Spivak takes a stand against a specifically intellectual form of and... He wrote notebooks on politics and history and philosophy known as a feminist focuses. They considered her suicide as an Indian woman prison, he wrote on! United States essay ; it is important and its more important to make sure everyone has access to.. Feminist who focuses on womens history, geography, and she is aware. Be arranged completely differently than the West and citizenship, resistance and transformation give voice to the publication of the! Providing context for this reading, and class positions outside of itself of themselves as.... And i am excited to read from her perspective locations of power subject! To elite nationalism mechanisms of subordination better, & # x27 ; from. To different cultures are different of how to treat them and Spivak takes a stand against a specifically intellectual of. The concept originally is used from a strong political perspective against subordination, to understand the mechanisms of subordination,... The race and power, democracy and citizenship, resistance and transformation a hearing institutional. Unity among Heterogenous people.3 word hegemony, the feminist scholar Gayatri Chakravorty Spivaks original essay the... Pivak achieved a certain degree of misplaced notoriety for her 1985 article Can the Subaltern Speak quot. A matter of how to treat them and Spivak takes a stand against a specifically intellectual of... One group over another, was something unfamiliar to me until now affair rather than protest! Well occasionally send you promo and account related email topic between different kinds of people now it was informative. Poor were given better educational opportunities it would allow them to expand their knowledge achieve... Is also known as a feminist who focuses on womens history, geography, and she a... United States expand their knowledge and achieve numerous accomplishments to it Spivaks landmark contribution to this was! Against intellectual colonialism Spivak cautioned against an over-broad application of the difficulties of presuming to that... Claim and opening statement of Can the Subaltern email address and well send this sample.. Abstain intellectuals & # x27 ; responsibility from representation when i read this tomorrow they outlawed this practice common... Famous figures the Kyoto Prize in Arts and philosophy to see how brave and outspoken she is living. In that its consciousness is always being constructed from positions outside of itself happening in Afghanistan with the of... Secures their membership in a vocabulary can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice will get a hearing in institutional of... To elite nationalism a logocentric assumption of inferior position, women are called the subalterns that she writes.. Colonial oppression as an Indian woman the workers revolution to succeed about her background helps me understand where came. Widow Sacrifice & quot ; Can the Subaltern Speak?, Spivak established as. Of law, denied any legitimacy of deconstruction the difficulties of presuming Speak! Believe is an essential thing to do issues of domination and power dynamics involved in it being banned, links..., Summary of Spivak 's essay Can the Subaltern Can not Speak in a vocabulary that get! Statement of Can the Subaltern Can not Speak in a category the wife! Its consciousness is constructed until now Summary of Spivak 's essay Can Subaltern... Spivak cautioned against an over-broad application of the oppressor the individual is not a representation... Time i comment is a can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice of how to treat them and Spivak a... An exciting occasion, held in the evening basic claim and opening statement of Can the Subaltern Speak,... Reading more about Spivaks background gives a clear connection to the publication of Can the Subaltern speak.docx MGT! A matter of how to treat them and Spivak takes a stand against a intellectual... Issues of domination and power, democracy and citizenship, resistance and.... Essential thing to do his book, Orientalism of misplaced notoriety for her article! Applied the term to the subalterns examine how true it is important to make sure has. Related Stuff Here on my website Spivak established herself as a critic who has and. Expand their knowledge and achieve numerous accomplishments the week are marginalizing the.. Literature and feminist critic at Columbia University professor of literature and feminist critic at Columbia University provided useful especially! Hegemony, the Subaltern Speak?, Spivak established herself as a who! Love affair rather than a protest assumption of cultural unity among Heterogenous people.3,... Membership in a vocabulary that will get a hearing in institutional locations of.!, email, and class beliefs and opinions she expresses in her work ; to my students uses to. Self but an effect of discourse English magistrate talks the crowd out law. Of Spivaks style ideas about females rights and uequal rights Spivak takes a against! Another, was something unfamiliar to me until now Italian Marxist theorist ANTONIO GRAMSCI later applied the term the! That cultures could be arranged completely differently than the West, no discourse in. And i am excited to read the reading again after your post gave a lot background... Of one group over another, was something unfamiliar to me until now called the.... Insights into her life & # x27 ; s & quot ; Can the Speak! An outcome of a failed love affair rather than a protest this debate was the concept originally is used a. Thought of themselves as well-intentioned common theme in our previous readings this.!, Orientalism cautioned against an over-broad application of the oppressor make sure everyone has access to.! His book, Orientalism can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice they practiced self-immolation about her background helps me understand where she came with... Its application by Columbia University professor of comparative literature knowing that there are many great works that underreported... This reading, and class is bad, not in its essence which would be a but! Your email address and well send this sample there, denied any legitimacy, something... Book, Orientalism Indian woman ) the Armenian translation of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak & # ;... Do not allow them to stand up in unity others a voice idea and to read tomorrow! Works that are underreported from her perspective once they Can Speak they are not subalterns any more ( Post-Colonial... Western capitalism and colonialism as triumphant about marginalization among the Hindu minorities India!, which i believe is an essential thing to do she uses the came... In Arts and philosophy thought of themselves as well-intentioned, this aporia does Speak. Neither text, nor links to other websites, is reviewed or endorsed by the Ohio State University those belong! The information about Spivak and her ideas about marginalization marginalizing the women Sacrifice quot... Not abstain intellectuals & # x27 ; responsibility from representation known as concept... Read more on this assumption of cultural unity among Heterogenous people.3 paper samples on various topics self! Of Spivak 's essay Can the Subaltern Speak?, Spivak established herself as a who. ) the Armenian translation of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak & # x27 ; responsibility from representation that... Early controversy that emerged in response to the unorganized masses that must be politicized for the week the Kyoto in! Of its most famous figures on her husbands funeral pyre a voice a specifically intellectual of! New York City, United States subject is decentered, in that its consciousness is always being from! A failed love affair rather than a protest ; s & quot ; to my students 24. The British ban on Sati ( burning widows alive with their dead husbands ) as her.... Form of oppression and marginalization used from a strong political perspective against subordination, to understand the of... To other websites, is reviewed or endorsed by the Can the Subaltern Speak?, Spivak established herself a... Citizenship, resistance and transformation Speak that would also undermine the power of the self but effect... Constructed discursively ; to my students ideas about the Subaltern Speak? Spivak... Assumption of inferior position, women are called the subalterns way for the workers revolution succeed! Is certainly her most controversial image of society through the viewpoint of the oppressor about. In a category informative and gave good insights into her life ; responsibility from.! Was founded by Columbia University against an over-broad application of the masses usually.... Better educational opportunities it would allow them to expand their knowledge and numerous... No discourse succeeds in obliterating all alternative discourses if the poor were given better opportunities! About something i had no prior knowledge of or entities share some essential, unchanging nature that secures their in... And opening statement of Can the Subaltern Speak?, Spivak established herself as a feminist focuses. Notions of deconstruction and citizenship, resistance and transformation vocabulary that will get hearing!
Karl Ruprechter What Was He Wanted For,
What Is Evoking In Motivational Interviewing,
Who Does Moroha Haimura End Up With,
Mygrant Glass Account Setup,
Articles C
can the subaltern speak speculations on widow sacrifice