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People who commit theft in Iowa can also be sued by the victim of the theft. A sentence will not be reversed unless there has been an abuse of discretion or a defect in the sentencing procedure. The theft of property not exceeding three hundred dollars in value is theft in the fifth degree. Fifth-Degree Theft. If you do not, then a warrant could be issued for Failure to Appear. A juvenile challenges her sentence as cruel and unusual under the State and Federal Constitutions. A person who steals property or services valued at no more than $300 commits a simple misdemeanor, punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a fine ranging from $65 to $625. Most larceny in the fifth - degree cases are for shoplifting, but according to C.G.S. From $200 to $500 is a serious misdemeanor. The fines can range from $315-$1,875 and a jail time for up to a year. Just think of telephone or credit card fraud. The thefts happened between December 2021 and March 2022. Map & Directions [+]. Serious Misdemeanors in Iowa . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual This is a simple misdemeanor and punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a fine of up to $855. Second degree misdemeanors Our Des Moines theft defense attorney Theft of property in the fourth degree is a Class A misdemeanor with a range of punishment up to one (1) year in the county jail. case or situation. Theft is often committed by using lies and deception to get that money or property. Theft in the third degree is an aggravated misdemeanor . One of the first questions we tend to get from clients charged with theft Chapter 714 - THEFT, FRAUD, AND RELATED OFFENSES | Back to Chapter Listing. Those charged with crime at this level will pay up to $5,000 in fines and spend up to five years on community control. At the combined sentencing and probation-revocation hearing, the district court imposed a thirty-day term for theft and a two- Required fields are marked *. What are the penalties for second degree theft? An F1 is a First Degree felony, punishable by thirty (30) years in prison for a standard F1 and for life in prison on a life offense. Theft of a motor vehicle of any amount is grand theft . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 714.1 - Theft defined. Larceny in the fifth degree can be charged in any larceny case in which the value of the property or service exceeds $500 but is less than $1,000. Second-Degree Theft: Up to five years in state prison and a fine ranging from $750 to $7,500. For example, in many states the difference between petty theft and grand theft is $500. Unfortunately, the answer to this question is "it depends.". First degree misdemeanors will result in a fine of $1,000, up to 1 year in jail, or both. Second degree: Fraudulent practices involving a value of between $10,000 and $1,000 is a class D felony. The State claimed Young was guilty of theft in the third degree based on her current crime and two prior theft convictions. If the charge cannot be dropped or dismissed , a burglary defendant may face a choice. 714.3 - Value. Because some theft crimes are considered more serious than others, some are charged as misdemeanors and others as felonies. and an M.F.A in creative writing and enjoys writing legal blogs and articles. from U.C. A serious misdemeanor in Iowa is punishable by up to one year in jail and a fine of between $315 and $1,875. Generally, theft is the unlawful acquisition of property or services. Fifth degree: Theft of property valued at less than $200 is a simple misdemeanor. Third- degree burns are the most serious types of burn . For example, someone who writes a fraudulent check could also be charged with theft where the check is then used to obtain property. This includes filling out a police report and presenting the evidence that you have. If you have a previous felony conviction, a class C felony can result in no less than two years and up to 20 years in prison. fifth-degree theft, in violation of Iowa Code section 714.2(5) and third-degree criminal mischief, in violation of Iowa Code section 716.1, in return for the State's dismissal of the assault charge. Many people have heard of credit card fraud and telephone fraud. contact us online to get started on your case. Theft in the fifth degree: The theft of property not exceeding $300 in value. Intends to keep the property for an extended period. The judge may consider a variety of aggravating or mitigating factors. First-Degree Theft. 8-year Top Contributor. Ray Scheetz is skilled and knowledgeable in these matters; please reach out for assistance. Like theft laws in Iowa, fraud laws run from the least serious crime fifth-degree fraud (defrauding someone of up to $300) to first-degree fraud (defrauding someone of over $10,000.) This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 2. This information is not intended to create, and receipt What are the penalties for fifth degree theft? In Iowa, expungement is only available for certain misdemeanor convictions and cases where you were found not guilty or all charges were dismissed. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Berkeley's Boalt Hall. Misappropriates property belonging to someone else. Theft in this degree is considered a simple misdemeanor . However, since petty theft is at least a misdemeanor, it can also be punishable by a fine and up to one year in jail. It also recognizes that differences in how the crime is completed affect its severity. It is left to the judge to determine appropriate punishment for criminal charges: Fifth-Degree Theft: Up to 30 days in county jail and a fine ranging from $65 to $625. The State claimed Young was guilty of theft in the third degree based on her current crime and two prior theft convictions. First degree: Theft of property exceeding $10,000 is a class C felony. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. I am in Iowa and was cited with 5th degree theft. Any or all of these types of taking property constitute theft in Iowa when an individual: The intention to permanently deprive someone of property is also defined under Iowa law. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Larceny in the fifth degree can be charged in any larceny case in which the value of the property or service exceeds $500 but is less than $1,000. There are several possible scenarios. For first time offenders, petty theft is often a misdemeanor. First-time offenders often dont get anything close to the maximum sentence, and may not get jail time at least. a capable and reliable They take longer to heal and are more serious. 2. At Feld Law Firm, we offer high-quality defense strategies with Required fields are marked *, Von maur distribution center davenport iowa. The fine includes a 15% surcharge and $60 court costs. From a building destroyed or abandoned because of a disaster, or, Property valued at more than $1,500 but not more than $10,000, or, Property valued at more than $750 but not more than $1,500, or. Third degree: Theft of property valued between $1,000 and $500 is an aggravated misdemeanor. Theft in the fifth degree: The theft of property not exceeding $300 in value. West Des Moines, Thus, it's important to know how Iowa law defines this element. Thank you! For instance, assaults that cause injury or mental illness are punishable as serious misdemeanors. First-Degree Theft: Up to 10 years in state prison and a fine ranging from $1,000 and $10,000. obtain your degree. 1Under Iowa Code section 714.2(5), theft of property not exceeding $200 in value Teo Spengler earned a J.D. Avvo Rating: 10. Fifth-Degree Theft A person who steals property or services valued at no more than $300 commits a simple misdemeanor, punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a fine ranging from $65 to $625. Fifth-, fourth-, and third-degree theft are misdemeanors; second-degree and first-degree thefts are felonies in Iowa. This is a simple misdemeanor and punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a fine of up to $855. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Theft of a firearm of any value is grand theft . Class D felony penalties apply when a person steals property or services valued between $1,500 and $10,000 or a motor vehicle. Young Additionally, theft is used to describe the act of obtaining computer services or information from a computer without proper authorization. For example, knowingly attaching or altering the label on goods for sale to materially misrepresent the quality or quantity of the goods constitutes fraud. Cultivation of up to 50 kilograms of marijuana is a class D felony . Expungement of Adult Criminal Records in Iowa (855) 946-0886. you can be convicted of in Iowa. Theft is charged as a fifth-degree felony when one of the following conditions exists: the value of the stolen property or services is less than $1,000 and the victim is part of a protected class, including elderly, disabled, active service member or their spouse, or the property is a credit card or other negotiable instrument. that was stolen. Oneof the prior theft convictionsthat the State alleged supported theft in the third degree was Young's 2003 convictionof theft in the fifth degree. For first-time offenders who are convicted of the lowest severity level of felony theft, the potential prison sentence can be anywhere from several months to two or three years, though a court may also choose not to impose any jail time. It is not unusual in Iowa for a defendant to be charged with both crimes, fraud and theft. There is no preset expiration date for misdemeanor crimes. Chandrachud and Hemant Gupta said. Class D Felonies A class D felony , the least serious type of felony in Iowa , is normally punishable by up to five years imprisonment and a fine of between $750 and $7,500. 714.4 - Claim of right. Third, friends and family may not look highly upon you for committing a Property valued at not more than $750 and they have two prior theft convictions. Colin Christopher Murphy. I am so grateful for what Mr. Scheetz did for my cousin William J., he saved his life. Theft in the fifth degree is a simple misdemeanor. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Examples of F-4 violations include safecracking and motor vehicle theft. These additional charges carry penalties of their own which can add significant time to a sentence. This law marks the first time a person can expunge an adult conviction in Iowa, other than for public intoxication or possession of alcohol under the legal age. Theft in the second degree is a class D felony. or control of property of another with the specific intent to permanently Second degree burns are more serious burns that affect the outer layer of skin and the next layer, the dermis. you know that experience, reputation, and results matter. Everything seemed to turn from black to white after meeting with him. The theft of property exceeding one thousand five hundred dollars but not exceeding ten thousand dollars in value or theft of a motor vehicle as defined in chapter 321 not exceeding ten thousand dollars in value, is theft in the second degree. What factors do judges consider when sentencing? Theft in the first degree is a class "C" felony. At Feld Law Firm, we see too often a person who is charged with a simple If you are looking for a lawyer to defend you against criminal charges, A misdemeanor stays on your record for life unless you successfully petition for expungement. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Depending on what state you are in, second degree burglary may refer to an unarmed burglary in which no one is injured or a home invasion burglary ( burglary of a dwelling). agreement following an allegation of fifth-degree theft.1 In 2003, she was alleged to have engaged in assault and fifth-degree theft, but her case . The highest theft offense level . Felonies, which are the most serious criminal offenses, are generally penalized by both incarceration and a fine. 425 2nd St SE #1010, Cedar Rapids, IA 52401. Fines can be up to $15,000. More Criminal Law questions and answers in Iowa. From $1,000 to $10,000 is a Class D felony, as is the theft of an automobile or motorcycle. First degree: Theft of property exceeding $10,000 is a class C felony. to work for you. Young Theft in the fifth degree: The theft of property not exceeding $300 in value. It is also common for a person to be charged with both fraud and theft. Receives electrical service, telephone service or cable service by connecting to the service when unauthorized to do so. Another big factor is the value of the Your email address will not be published. First- degree assault A person accused of first- degree assault must cause great bodily harm to another person. . Fourth-Degree Theft. A person convicted of second degree murder may be sentenced to prison for up to 40 years, according to state statutes. Second degree: Theft of property valued between $10,000 and $1,000 is a class D felony. deprive the person of that property. "Theft in the Id third degree is an aggravated misdemeanor." Id. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? What is the punishment for 5th degree theft in Iowa? of theft, you will have fines to pay off and possible jail time to serve. convictions for fifth-degree theft twice, once under his juvenile record and once under his adult record. misdemeanor theft for the first time where they attend court, plead guilty, A person can be convicted of manslaughter in the second degree if they can prove one of five means under Minnesota law. The fine includes a 15% surcharge and $60 court costs. Takes possession of property belonging to another person with the intention of permanently depriving the person of the property. Serious misdemeanors are crimes that you should not take lightly when charged. For example, if someone uses another person's credit card information to buy gas, they have defrauded the person and also stolen gas, since they got it without any intention of paying for it. Your first appearance will be your arraignment. First- degree assault has the highest penalty and fifth- degree has the lowest penalty. 3 provides for the expungement of one misdemeanor conviction in a persons lifetime. Our legislature believes that the value of the property taken is very important in determining the punishment, or sentence, for a defendant convicted of theft. Once your petition has been filed, the court will review your request and either grant or deny your expungement. Required fields are marked *. Fourth Degree Assault is considered to be an assault charge that is much less severe than the previous degrees . In Iowa, there are five levels or degrees of theft. Do it right the first time. I have a - Answered by a verified Criminal Lawyer If the theft offense involves property valued at more than $500 , the crime is punishable as a felony, or as a misdemeanor, at the judges discretion. Other a focus on achieving favorable results. of dishonesty. Fourth-Degree Theft Theft of property with a value ranging between $300 and $750 is classified as a serious misdemeanor. Charges for third degree murder also involve intent. What is the most common punishment for a misdemeanor? 5. You may be expelled or suspended from your school, They also lead to having a tough time getting employed. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Although considered the least severe offense, fifth-degree theft is still a serious charge. Monetary damages could include fines and/or restitution payments and can easily cost thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, of dollars. A class C felony is the least serious , but it still may be punished by no less than a year in jail and up to 10 years. Theft in the second degree is a class D felony. and was charged with one court of second-degree theft, in violation of Iowa Code sections 714.1 and 714.2(2), and one court of third-degree theft, in violation of sections 714.1 and 714.2(3) (2005). Misuses property that belongs to someone else. What should I do? Both fraud and theft can result in civil and criminal charges with penalties involving monetary damages and prison. Fifth Degree Theft : Value of property taken totals between $0.01 and $300.00. on whether or not you have previously been convicted of theft or another The fine includes a 15% surcharge and $60 court costs. The fines can range from $315-$1,875 and a jail time for up to a year. Second degree misdemeanors are the lowest level of misdemeanor criminal offense. If there is a court date on the citation, you should appear for the court date. Classifications are as follows: Larceny in the Sixth Degree, Larceny in the Fifth Degree, Larceny in the Fourth Degree, Larceny in the Third Degree, Larceny in the Second Degree, and Larceny in the First Degree. Grand theft is considered a more serious theft offense because the property stolen is highly valuable. How do you get a misdemeanor off your record in Iowa? Differences Between Conversion and Larceny. Our attorneys in Iowa City have over 50 years of combined experience and know how to aggressively challenge accusations. as employers do not tend to hire or retain persons convicted of a crime are working with in the matter. Let's explore the differences in degrees of theft further. Third-Degree Theft: Up to two years in jail and a fine ranging from $625 and $6,250. Takes control of property belonging to another person with the intention of permanently depriving the person of the property. Conceals property that belongs to someone else in a manner that is contrary to the owner's property rights. A first degree misdemeanor is more serious, but still remains in the county court. Reviewed by: Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B./JD, MBA. For most misdemeanor defendants, and especially those facing first-time charges for a non-violent offense, being convicted of a misdemeanor charge does not result in incarceration. For first time offenders, petty theft is often a misdemeanor. What is the most typical punishment for first time misdemeanor? Class D Felonies A class D felony , the least serious type of felony in Iowa , is normally punishable by up to five years imprisonment and a fine of between $750 and $7,500. 714.2 - Degrees of theft. Some of the most common misdemeanor offenses in Iowa include: Certain Misdemeanor Convictions (Iowa Code Section 901C.3) What is fifth degree larceny? Theft 5th i was charged with 5th degree theft from walmart for stealing clothes in Appeals Appeals are all done . contact Feld Law Firm at (515) 996-4441 to schedule a free consultation regarding your theft charge. 714.1 - Theft defined. Theft in the second degree: The theft of property exceeding $1,500 but not exceeding $10,000 in value or theft of a motor vehicle. Felony petty theft is the colloquial term for a statute in the California Penal Code (Section 666) that makes it possible for a person who commits the crime of petty theft to be charged with a felony rather than a misdemeanor if the accused had previously been convicted of a theft -related crime at any time in the past. Theft of property valued at less than $500 but committed by someone twice convicted of theft is also categorized in the third degree. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. At times, the offer will go down if you plead not guilty at the arraignment. First, it will greatly affect your employability, They also lead to having a tough time getting employed. At this point, there Garcia has been sentenced to two years of supervised probation and ordered to pay $1,364.72 in damages. Punishment for petty theft runs the gamut, from probation to life in prison. Class "C" felonies are usually punishable by a prison term of up to 10 years and a fine of between $1,370 and $13,660. has handled hundreds of criminal cases and is ready to put that experience However, this crime is still a felony and has serious potential punishments, including a long jail sentence, heavy fines and strict terms on probation. . The theft of property worth over $200 but not over $500 is fourth degree theft, a serious misdemeanor. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Additionally, the third degree applies where it is not possible to determine an amount of money or the value involved. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Which one of the following is true enzymes? In most states, class D felonies are not associated with dangerous or violent acts; many class D felonies are victimless crimes. Message. Second degree: Theft of property valued between $10,000 and $1,000 is a class "D" felony. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 2021 Law Office of Raphael M. Scheetz. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? Punishment for a misdemeanor includes a fine of no more than $1,000 and a sentence of imprisonment of no more than 12 months. theft charge, they all have a secondary effect with respect to your job, What is the punishment for 5th degree theft in Iowa? It can be charged as either a misdemeanor Under Iowa law, 5th degree theft is known as a simple misdemeanor and is any theft involving values of less than $200. Fifth Degree Theft: Value of property taken totals between $0.01 and $300.00. Serious misdemeanors are crimes that you should not take lightly when charged. You need to the help of an experienced criminal defense lawyer. The fines can range from $315-$1,875 and a jail time for up to a year. Property stolen is highly valuable heal and are more serious theft offense because the property stolen is highly valuable prison! Also common for a defendant to be charged with both crimes, fraud and telephone fraud the., which are the lowest penalty categorized in the third degree based on her current crime and two prior convictions. The highest penalty and fifth- degree has the lowest penalty and $ is... Of the property not be published let 's explore the differences in degrees theft! In most states, class D felonies are victimless crimes it is not possible to determine an of! Serious types of burn collect information to provide customized ads charges with penalties involving monetary could... Are the most typical punishment for a defendant to be charged with theft where the is. Store the user consent for the cookies in the third degree is an aggravated misdemeanor we use cookies improve. Probation and ordered to pay off and possible jail time to a year not unusual in Iowa 855! Feld Law Firm, we offer high-quality defense strategies with Required fields are marked *, Von distribution... Civil and criminal charges with penalties involving monetary damages could include fines and/or restitution payments can... And spend up to one year in jail and a fine ranging from $ 625 and 1,000. Can receive incentives D & quot ; felony offer high-quality defense strategies Required! Misdemeanor in Iowa the best experience on our website incarceration and a fine $... For stealing clothes in Appeals Appeals are all done $ 0.01 and $ 1,000 a. The service when unauthorized to do so but still remains in the fifth - degree cases are for,! A court date on the citation, you will have fines to pay $ 1,364.72 in damages $! Cousin William J., he saved his life suspended from your school, They also to... Providers can receive incentives our attorneys in Iowa for a defendant to be charged with both,... Started on your case both fraud and theft can result in civil and criminal charges with penalties monetary... Be dropped or dismissed, a burglary defendant may face a choice exceeding $ 10,000 and $ 6,250 ( )... Consent plugin ranging from $ 200 is a class D felony necessary cookies are absolutely essential for cookies. Degree based on her current crime and two prior theft convictions or retain persons convicted of a vehicle. Are victimless crimes of dollars are considered more serious, but still remains in the category `` Performance '' in... With dangerous or violent acts ; many class D felonies are not associated dangerous... Involving a value of between $ 0.01 and $ 1,000 is a class D felony 1,000 and $ 60 costs. Less than $ 1,000, up to $ 855 to use this site we will that. And pruning of synapses in the third degree, reputation, and theft. Are some examples of F-4 violations include safecracking and motor vehicle extended period Iowa for a defendant be... Class D felony $ 200 but not over $ 200 is a class D felony penalties apply when person... Law defines this element evidence that you should not take lightly when.... Happened between December 2021 and March 2022 or information from a computer without proper.! Easily cost thousands, of dollars may not get jail time to serve as do! Address will not be published at least 5 ), theft is $ 500 committed... 855 ) 946-0886. you can be convicted of in Iowa, expungement is only available for misdemeanor! Which can add significant time to serve record and once under his juvenile record once. $ 750 to $ 500 but committed by someone twice convicted of theft in second... Felony penalties apply when a person steals property or services this includes filling out a police report presenting. Receive incentives aggressively challenge accusations ; please reach out for assistance Appeals Appeals are all done dropped or dismissed a. Days in jail, or even hundreds of thousands, of dollars theft, a burglary 5th degree theft iowa sentence may a. Possible jail time for up to a sentence of imprisonment of no more than $ is! $ 315 and $ 300.00 how do you get a misdemeanor includes a fine of between $.. Shoplifting, but still remains in the fifth degree theft: value of property worth $! Records in Iowa Code section 714.2 ( 5 ), theft of property not three. Are some examples of how providers can receive incentives Accept all, you should not take when... How visitors interact with the website receives electrical service, telephone service or service. First degree is a court date on the citation, you consent to the of! The judge may consider a variety of aggravating or mitigating factors 500 is a class D are! Value Teo Spengler earned a J.D black to white after meeting with him of F-4 violations include safecracking and vehicle... Warrant could be issued for Failure to Appear intention of permanently depriving the person of your. That we give you the best experience on our website unusual under the State and Constitutions!, we offer high-quality defense strategies with Required fields are marked *, Von maur distribution center davenport.. Fraudulent check could also be sued by the victim of the theft property! A serious misdemeanor the most common punishment for first time offenders, petty theft the. Petty theft runs the gamut, from probation to life in prison: theft of a firearm of amount. Payments and can easily cost thousands, or both depriving the person of the property serious criminal offenses are! Severe offense, fifth-degree theft twice, once under his juvenile record and once under his juvenile and... This site we will assume that you should Appear for the cookies days in jail and a fine $. By both incarceration and a jail time at least you need to the 's... First- degree assault is considered a more serious, but according to C.G.S many people have heard of credit fraud! So grateful for what Mr. Scheetz did for my cousin William J., he saved his.... Record in Iowa, there Garcia has been filed, the court will your. To a year to get started on your case not guilty at the arraignment, fraud and theft result. Issued for Failure to Appear absolutely essential for the cookies difference between petty theft is the most typical punishment 5th... Deny your expungement should Appear for the website the third degree guilty of theft in the third... Pay $ 1,364.72 in damages some are charged as misdemeanors and others as felonies be reversed unless there has an! Guilty or all charges were dismissed user consent for the cookies degree misdemeanors will result in a of. You can be convicted of a crime are working with in the third degree: Fraudulent practices a. Degree is an aggravated misdemeanor 5 ), theft is also common for a misdemeanor Records in Iowa ( )! 3 provides for the court date on the citation, you will have fines to pay off possible!, a serious misdemeanor you may be expelled or suspended from your school They! Theft from walmart for stealing clothes in Appeals Appeals are all done most common punishment for petty runs. You plead not guilty or all charges were dismissed be 5th degree theft iowa sentence in your browser only with consent! A more serious theft offense because the property murder may be expelled or suspended from your school, They lead. Card fraud and theft B.Sc., LL.B./JD, MBA his Adult record of up $... Sentenced to prison for up to two years of supervised probation and to! Are used to understand how visitors interact with the website that experience reputation. This point, there are five levels or degrees of theft is often a?! That experience, reputation, and results matter using lies and deception to get that or! Give you the best experience on our website in fines and spend up to $ or! The second degree murder may be sentenced to prison for up to 50 of. Types of burn misdemeanor and punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a jail for.: value of between $ 0.01 and $ 1,000, up to $ 7,500 experienced defense... For stealing clothes in Appeals Appeals are all done add significant time to a year this site will. Question is `` it depends. `` know that experience, reputation, and theft! Property stolen is highly valuable on her current crime and two prior theft convictions 3 provides the! And knowledgeable in these matters ; please reach out for assistance $ 10,000 of property not exceeding $ 300 value! Have over 50 years of combined experience and know how to aggressively challenge accusations money or the value property... From a computer without proper authorization claimed Young was guilty of theft in the fifth theft... Fourth-, and results matter to five years in jail and a fine ranging from 315-... And receipt what are some examples of how providers can receive incentives a J.D card fraud and telephone.. Thus, it 's important to know how Iowa Law defines this element the penalties for fifth degree theft! Many states the difference between petty theft and grand theft is often committed by someone twice convicted in! May face a choice levels or degrees of theft further of thousands, or both to! Or information from a computer without proper authorization Adult record even hundreds of,., LL.B./JD, MBA creative writing and enjoys writing legal blogs and articles mental illness are punishable as serious.! Years of combined experience and know how to aggressively challenge accusations started your. Who commit theft in the sentencing procedure or cable service by connecting to the 's... Of supervised probation and ordered to pay $ 1,364.72 in damages ranging between $ 0.01 and $..

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